![]() This is mainly due to the significant variations in amount and composition of active compounds, particularly in the hallucinogens derived from plants and mushrooms. Importantly, and unlike most other drugs, the effects of hallucinogens are highly variable and unreliable, producing different effects in different people at different times. The very same characteristics that led to the incorporation of hallucinogens into ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also led to their propagation as drugs of abuse. Its use has since been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. These mushrooms typically contain less than 0.5 percent psilocybin plus trace amounts of psilocin, another hallucinogenic substance. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from certain types of mushrooms that are indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States. ![]() Mescaline can also be produced through chemical synthesis. This plant has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of religious ceremonies. Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in which the principal active ingredient is mescaline. It was discovered in 1938 and is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. This document will discuss four common types of hallucinogens: While the exact mechanisms by which hallucinogens exert their effects remain unclear, research suggests that these drugs work, at least partially, by temporarily interfering with neurotransmitter action or by binding to their receptor sites. Many hallucinogens have chemical structures similar to those of natural neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine-like). Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are classified as alkaloids. Hallucinogenic compounds found in some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) have been used-mostly during religious rituals-for centuries. ![]()
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